Analysis of an American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror Book by Stephen Kinzer Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The exploitation by Britain made Iran poorer; they began to hate the British colonizers, and eventually supported Mossadegh because he was their only hope to restore Iranian independence and dignity. Eventually, the first elected prime minister, who came into power in 1950 decided to nationalize the oil assets in Iran. This provoked the British authorities and they followed to court in Belgium s International Court. Then Britain reacted further by blocking the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz. This hindered the oil trade and economic growth of Iran. Reza Shah Pahlavi was the ruler of Iran, belongs to Pahlavi dynasty. Iran gradually changed under his rule and he pushed his country towards development. For instance, he took measures to modernize his country and to secularize politics. Moreover, he took measures to unite the tribal areas and provinces under the direct control of the government. He was forced by the British to abdicate his power in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza Sha h. The history of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) begins from the reign of Shah Mozzafar al-Din Shah Qajar in 1901. The agreement helped British company to have an absolute control over Iranian oil reserves for the next 60 years. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of an American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror Book by Stephen Kinzer or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Essay on How to Start a Business

I Want To Be a Businessman When I Grow Up In the middle and by the end of the 20th century when you asked a little boy, what he wanted to be when he grew up, the answer you were most likely to hear was an astronaut. What are the most popular answers nowadays? A bank owner and a businessman. The interesting thing is that this idea persists up to adulthood for many of the boys giving such answer. Except after they get a degree, it usually transforms into a more specific and allegedly more realistic goal of becoming a small business owner. But do they really know what it is like to be a businessman? And what appeal does such occupation have for so many young people? The biggest attraction is complete freedom. Young professionals right out of universities and colleges make their first attempts to enter the career world and become disillusioned having to face the harsh realities of working life. The bright images they had in their mind fade away when they realize that employers want them to work their guts out and will pay them peanuts for it. Now starting your own company seems like the perfectly logical thing to do. The problem is that full of rosy anticipations they do not take into account the difficulties they have to go through following this career path. They think about the opportunities, but forget about practical considerations. It’s important to keep in mind that courage and initiative are great things, but they are not sufficient to be successful in business.

English Literature Movements American Literature

English Literature Movements American Literature written works are understood in relation to their cultural and historical situations. The literary of the American perspective reminds us that can’t really be who we are unless we reclaim what we have done in the past in order to see where we are today. American Literature begins with the Native Americans. The values and principles were inherited in their stories. All their literary was inspired though oral tradition of their important past times that were passed down through generations and generations. As we learn from our Native Americans we also follow some of their principles in the constitution in â€Å"we the people†(Murphy). The next movement is the new settlers coming into America. The mayflower compact was composed of Puritans wanting to migrate to establish a colony. They experienced difficultness to survive with freezing temperatures, minimal supplies and source of food. They declared to help each other with no guidance for thousands of miles ahead. The colonial period was characterized by their desire to purify the Church of England worshipping God. Puritans then left England to colonize the new world. Settlers recorded their experiences through diaries and historical stories. During the Age of Faith, they believed that God existed and empowered the mind with freedom. Their literature was religion dominated, rational and felt the need for moral justification. The works was absorbed with narrativesShow MoreRelatedThere have been many movements in Romantic Literature, Romanticism being one. Despite the idea that600 Words   |  3 Pageshave been many movements in Romantic Literature, Romantic ism being one. Despite the idea that romanticism is an outdated literary form, romantic literature is very important to English Literature; no other period in English Literature shows the type of style, theme, or contain information like how the Romantic movement was. Romanticism was virtually around in every country of the US, Europe, Latin America and it lasted from 1750-1870. Romanticism gave a rise to a new type of literature it was an exerciseRead MoreThe Literary Canon On The Black Arts Movement941 Words   |  4 PagesLaqu’er Clark English 1305-05 Dr. Boone March 2, 2016 The Literary Canon How did the Black Arts Movement change the white supremacist of the Literary Canon? Before one can go on to answer this question, students must understand exactly what a literary canon is. â€Å"Literary canon† is a term used widely to refer to a group of literary works that are considered the most important of a particular time period or place. 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The new power began to influenceRead MoreA New Beginning For African Americans Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesMarisa Pope EH-232 American Literature II Professor Alan Brown November 19, 2016 A New Beginning for African Americans From the 1920’s to the mid 1930’s a literary, intellectual, and artistic movement occurred that kindled the African Americans a new cultural identity. This movement became known as the Harlem Renaissance, which is also known as the â€Å"New Negro Movement†. With this movement, African Americans sought out to challenge the â€Å"Negro† stereotype that they had received from others while developingRead MoreWar : A Breath Of Change1715 Words   |  7 PagesWar: A Breath of Change in Literature World War II was a time of horrors, hardships, sicknesses, and deaths for people all around the world. It was, simply put, a time that showed what terrible acts mankind was capable of. The end of World War II left families scarred, brothers dead, and countries ruined. However, just as the phoenix rises from the ashes, so did a new world. World War II gave birth to a plethora of new ideas, such as the postmodernism movement which, without World War II, wouldRead MoreCaribbean Literature1477 Words   |  6 PagesCaribbean Literature INTRODUCTION The evolution of Caribbean Literature started centuries before the Europeans graced these shores and continues to develop today. Quite noticeably, it developed in a manner which transcended all language barriers and cultures. Today the languages of the Caribbean are rooted in that of the colonial powers - France, Britain, Spain and Holland - whose historical encounters are quite evident throughout the region. The cosmopolitan nature of the regions language andRead MoreNative American And American Literature Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesIn all my years of studying literature while living in America, I have only one memory of ever having read anything Native American, and that was in grade school. Native American literature is typically left out of studies in general American Literature, although there do exist plenty of programs for studying these types of narratives separately and individually. It has yet to become a prominent area of study and there a differing reasons as to wh y this is. Part of the lack of study in this subjectRead MoreNikki Giovanni: The Princess of Black Poetry Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagestwentieth-century, when Contemporary Literature was emerging from 1960 to present time, it was seen as a product of the post-Second World War situation. Yolande Cornelia â€Å"Nikki† Giovanni was born in Knoxville, Tennessee and raised in Lincoln Heights, an all-black suburb in Cincinnati. Giovanni is one of the most commonly read American poets; her frankness in her writing has brought her a lot of recognition and prominence. Giovanni became the voice of many African Americans, her contribution to the literaryRead MoreFigurative Devices: Comparing We Wear the Mask and Theme for English B1089 Words   |  5 Pagesthe twentieth century around the period of civil right movement. â€Å"We wear the mask† and â€Å"Theme for English B† were written in 1895 and 1951 respectively. Even there is approximately 50 years gap between th ese two poems, the theme that these two poems address is somewhat similar. Even though Dunbar uses symbols as figurative devices while Hughes uses Irony, they both have the same goal, which is to point out the racial issues within American society. Paul Laurence Dunbar was one of the first blackRead MoreEssay on The Influence of Ralph Waldo Emerson995 Words   |  4 PagesChris Schlegel 6/18/08 English 245 American Literature I Dr. Calendar Primary Source Paper The Influence of Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson is considered by many as one of the most respected and widely known authors in the history of American literature. From his famous book â€Å"Nature†, to his various essays, poems and lectures, Emerson’s collection of works maintain an authentic diverse style that separated him from other authors. The confidence

Country Risk Analysis Free Essays

Running head: COUNTRY RISK ANALYSIS Balance of Payment The current account balance of China amounts to 297. 1 bn US$ in the financial year 2009, whereas for the Guatemala it amounts to -0. 62 bn US$ in the same financial year (China’s current-account balance 1982-2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Country Risk Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now This implies that the current account balance of the home country stood at surplus as compared to that of the host country. As far as capital account is concerned, it amounts to 109. bn US$ in 2009 for China whereas for Guatemala was far less compared to that of China which implies that the home country’s capital account balance is also at surplus in comparison to that of host country. Apart from the current account and the capital account balances of both the countries, the official gold holding of China as on December 2009 amounts to 1054 tonnes which was equivalent to 1. 5% of the of the national forex reserve, whereas for that of Guatemala, it was 6. tonnes in the same financial year equivalent to that of 4. 5% of the national forex reserve (Guatemala Economic Statistics and Indicators, 2010). Government variables: The government of China has been actively involved in formulating an effective fiscal policy so that the key projects can be easily financed by issuing governm ent debt. Apart from the fiscal policy, the monetary policy is formulated in coordination to that of the fiscal policy so as to promote economic growth by containing deflation to the extent possible. As far as the monetary and the fiscal policy of Guatemala is concerned, a series of structural reform is done with a primary motive to increase the economic efficiency by strengthening balance of payments and controlling inflation. The monetary rate has been stable because of the strict fiscal administration and the abundance of natural resources. The legal court system of china is based on civil law which was divided into four level court system of which at the highest level is the supreme people’s court, then local people’s court and court of special jurisdiction lso known as special court. All these level of court systems ensure fairness in all the legal proceedings at china. The legal system of Guatemala follows a more of standard European prosecutorial model which implies providing evidence to the judge in an open public court so as to enable him to take decisions based on the evidence presented. As the decisions taken by the judge based on the evidence results int o correct decisions, this implies the fairness of the Guatemala’s court system (Legal system of Guatemala). The corporate laws and regulations has been formulated in China as well as the Guatemala with an intention to protect the legitimate rights and interests of companies, shareholders and creditors (Company Law of the People’s Republic of China, 2005). In order to comply with the world trade organization agreement on trade related aspect of intellectual property rights, China has strengthened its legal framework and has also amended its intellectual property rights. Counterfeiters and pirates has been the most in Chinese economy, as a result it is essential to have a better intellectual property right environment in china. Although the commitment from the central government official to tackle the problem is quite high but it has not been appropriate to deter the major IPR infringement. The intellectual property right is also not secure in guatemala due to the increased pirated related activities, hence government needs to take necessary action in order to solve such crucial problem. A trade union act has been formulated in accordance with the constitution to protect the positions of trade union which ultimately leads to the development of china’s socialist movements. This act protects the legal rights of the employees. The activities of the union in the Guatemala has been pathetic. It has been increasingly violated after the enactment of Dominican republic central America trade agreement. The steps taken by the government becomes ineffective in addressing this concern (Labor Rights in Guatemala). Infrastructure: The transportation facility in China is improving as the government of china is investing huge funds in the development of roads, highway and expressway. Similar is the condition in vase of Guatemala where government is actively participating in improving the transportation facilities. The port of Tianjin is an international trading port in china of whose the land area is more than 20 km. Vessels of 70000-80000 dwt can sail in on the tide. Its through put was around 57. 87million tons. A notice on the management of foreign trade in free trade zone has been issued by the ministry of commerce and the general office of the general administration which clarifies the way through which foreign trade and distribution rights can be obtained by the operators inside the zone. In Guatemala also, there are various free trade zones along with many industrial parks which results into competitive advantage for the investors (China: Trading in Free Trade Zones, 2006). The banking, environmental and the educational factors are somewhat similar in both the countries. The banking in china has undergone lots of changes and it has remain in the hands of the government even after banks has given more autonomy. The educational activity on the part of the government is increasing in Guatemala as the education budget accounted for 15. % of the central government budget. The environmental issues in Guatemala are in relation to soil erosion, acid rain, water pollution etc. , whereas excessive growth has also raised various environmental issues in china. References: Company Law of the People’s Republic of China, 2005. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from http://www. chinadaily. com. cn/bizchina/2006-04/17/content_569258. htm China: Trading in Free Trade Zones, 2006. Retrie ved April 24, 2010 from http://www. hg. org/articles/article_1191. tml China’s current-account balance 1982-2009. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from http://www. chinability. com/CurrentAccount. htm Guatemala Economic Statistics and Indicators, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from http://www. economywatch. com/economic-statistics/country/Guatemala/ Legal system of guatemala. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from www. oas. org/juridico/Mla/en/gtm/en_gtm-int-description. pdf Labor Rights in Guatemala. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from www. ghrc-usa. org/Publications/factsheet_LaborRights. pdf How to cite Country Risk Analysis, Papers

Different Departmentalization in Malaysia free essay sample

Introduction The search for competitive advantage, write management consultants and educators David Nadler and Michael Tushman, is the defining goal of modern-day business. Competing by Design: The Power of Organizational Architecture, is their guide to reaching that goal through total integration of corporate structure, workplace culture, and employee motivation. Bringing all such processes together into one unified organization, they contend, is as important to a companys future as the architectural unity of the building that houses it.Organizational Design is gaining more importance in human resource management as organizations are rethinking their role in the marketplace, their position vis a vis competitors, and their long term strategy. A key strategy in aligning the workforce with business goals, Organizational Design seeks to maximize workforce effectiveness while minimizing or maintaining costs. Five basic organizational structures are used in Organizational Design and adap ted to an organizations needs Basic Organizational Designs Have Six Structure Elements. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Departmentalization in Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . Specialization-a process in which different individuals and units perform different task. 2. Chain Of Command-is the unbroken line of authority that extend from the top of the organizations to the lowest echelon and clarifies who reports whom.

Is Monogamy The Best Form Of Marriage Essays - Sexual Fidelity

Is Monogamy The Best Form Of Marriage? March 16, 1999 Is Monogamy the Best Form of Marriage? In the United States, marriage is a commitment two people make for the rest of their lives. The average American marriage lasts seven years. Well over half of all marriages end in divorce (Francouer, 72). Statistics in the infidelity have rose fifty percent since the 1970s and is rising all the time. The divorce count in this country is now up to one out of every three-marriage end in divorce. Serial polygamy is a common lifestyle for those who are divorced and then become remarried. The relationship between a husband and wife should be sacred and trustworthy. Without the trust and honesty there is no marriage. Monogamy is the loving, sharing, and devoting one's self to another person for the rest of their life. Monogamy should be the most important aspect in a marriage. The Western Religious leaders and moralists believe only one spouse for life is the highest form of marriage. Some of the most primitive peoples are strictly monogamous in their ideals, while some highly advanced cultures have moved away from the strict life-long monogamy. Sociologists, Ford and Beech, have found that only twenty-nine of the one-hundred and eighty-five contemporary cultures studied, less than sixteen percent restrict men and women to a single partner for life. However, less than one-third of the twenty-nine monogamous cultures completely disapprove of both premarital and extramarital relations (Francouer 72). For centuries, marriage was a dynastic affair, arranged by the parents and families. During the Middle Ages, they thought of marriage as a passionate love for an unattainable woman, usually the wife of a noble lord. In the 1970s, extramarital sex was estimated at as many as fifty-seventy percent of husbands and wives had been unfaithful at least once during their marriage (Francouer 73). However, in the 1990s, things have changed a little. People do not respect to abide by the Catholic Church laws, such as premarital sex is wrong and divorce is not allowed in the church. Nowadays, you see kids having kids and a child having two different immediate families. Two people in a marriage who are totally committed to each other will nourish and grow closer each and every day they are married. Having this commitment brings the husband and wife together as one. Monogamy fulfills a relationship with love and honesty. Although, some people believe they need to express their love to more than one person. They feel that one person is not enough to keep them satisfied emotionally, spiritually, and also physically. People believe that not being monogamous will open your heart and soul to new and adventurous experiences. I believe monogamy is the best form of marriage. When two people get married they make a life-long decision to stay together as the wedding vow says, until death do us part. Marriage is a big commitment that not everyone is willing to take. I think if you have an intimate relationship (and I do not only mean physically) with one person who means the world to you and who makes you feel happy to be alive, how can you possibly share that kind of love with anybody else. Considering, marriage is all about devoting one's self to that special someone. Being faithful in a marriage makes one feel accepted and loved, knowing they will have someone who will always be there for them. Works Cited Francouer, Robert T. Is Monogamy the Best Form of Marriage? Taking Sides November 1979: 72-83. Psychology Essays

Police Trauma Paying the Ultimate Price to Protect and Serve

Police Trauma Paying the Ultimate Price to Protect and Serve Introduction Police Trauma Police officers usually encounter traumatic experiences in the course of their duties that usually predispose them to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Since many police officers are unaware of consequences of traumatic experiences, they find themselves in depression, battling with suicidal feelings, plunging into alcoholism and losing their families.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Police Trauma: Paying the Ultimate Price to Protect and Serve specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Clair (2006), the trauma that police officers experience is proportional to critical incidents that they encounter in the course of their career (p.29). Hence, traumatic experiences, which police officers endure for many years in the course of their profession, have a severe impact on their physical, emotional, and mental health because they ultimately predispose them to depress ion, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Although there are multi-therapeutic approaches of alleviating the impact of traumatic experiences among police officers, lack of awareness or insufficient awareness make many police officers endure traumatic experiences that subsequently affect their physical, emotional and mental health. Therefore, there is a need to identify factors that predispose police officers to trauma so that they can seek appropriate therapy after experiencing traumatic events to reduce susceptibility to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Problem Statement Police officers encounter traumatic experiences in the course of their career that predispose them to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Police profession is normally stressful because police officers often encounter traumatic experiences that have a significant impact on their physical, emotional, and mental health. For police officers to fulfill their responsibilities of policing, they must endure and cope with traumatic experiences that they encounter. Normally, traumatic experiences have a cumulative effect, and Clair (2006) argues that, critical incidents have a cumulative effect in causing trauma, for police officers cannot habituate traumatic experiences that they often experience (p.30). Thus, trauma that police officers have is proportional to traumatic experiences that they have encountered throughout the period of their career in policing. Trauma has a negative impact on physical, emotional, and mental health of police officers, yet many do not realize it because they are unaware of how traumatic experiences affect them. Since traumatic experiences that police officers encounter in the course of their career predispose them to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of the family, it is imperative that police officers should identify their traumatic experiences so that they can seek appropriate therapy to alleviate the physical, emotional , and psychological impact of the trauma.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Objectives of the Study The objective of the study is to explore the traumatic experiences that police officers encounter in the course of their career, with the view of identifying risk factors that predispose them to trauma. Since traumatic experiences that police officers encounter have a cumulative effect in causing trauma, the study seeks to identify risk factors that cause trauma among police officers. In this view, the study will establish if the experiences that police officers undergo are proportional to trauma that cause negative impact on physical, emotional, and psychological health. Given that the trauma, which police officers experience, determines their susceptibility to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family, the study will establish if affected individuals s ought any therapy to alleviate the impact of trauma in their lives. Marmar et al. (2006) assert that, individual differences among police officers determine their susceptibility to trauma and related consequences; thus, early intervention is critical to alleviate the impact of trauma (p.2). Given that several factors mediate the impact of trauma on police officers, the study will identify these factors with the objective of enabling police officers seek therapy when they experience critical incidents. Hypotheses The study hypothesizes that, most police officers are suffering from trauma that emanates from experiences of critical incidents and has predisposed them to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family because they do not seek therapy. Lack of awareness or insufficient awareness of consequences of trauma has made many police officers endure traumatic experiences that ultimately result into depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Thus, the study further hy pothesizes that identification of risk factors of trauma can enable police officers to seek therapy in time and avert predisposition to depression, suicide, alcoholism and loss of a family, which are consequences of untreated trauma. Scope of the Study The study will explore traumatic experiences that police officers encounter during their professional duties. Since the study hypothesizes that, the trauma, which police officers endure in the course of their duties predispose them to depression, suicide, alcoholism and loss of family, the study will identify factors that cause trauma among police officers. To determine the impact of trauma on police officers, the study will assess the prevalence of depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. The study will also explore if police officers are aware of consequences of trauma, and the available therapeutic approaches that they use in alleviating impact of trauma in their lives.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Police Trauma: Paying the Ultimate Price to Protect and Serve specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although trauma has gender orientation, the study will not examine how trauma differentially affects male and female police officers. Thus, the study overlooks the fact that there is differential occurrence of trauma in terms of gender among police officers. Moreover, the study will only examine police officers within a single district since they are many and readily available to be subjects of study. Importance of the Study Study of traumatic experiences that predispose police officers to trauma and subsequently to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of the family is critical in understanding the physical, emotional, and mental health of police officers. Police profession is highly stressful since police officers often encounter traumatic experiences that affect their physical, emotional, and mental health. Hence, exploratio n of traumatic experiences is essential in unraveling causes and consequences of trauma that police officers encounter and endure in the course of their profession. According to Hasselt et al. (2008), trauma that police officers undergo during traumatic experiences impairs their judgment, thus making them not to function effectively in policing (p.134). Hence, it means that trauma does not only interfere with performance of police officers at work but also at their homes. Therefore, understanding of traumatic experiences can help police officers manage their trauma well and prevent predisposition to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Given that therapeutic interventions can effectively alleviate the impact of trauma on police officers, exploration of traumatic experiences in terms of depression, suicide, alcoholism and loss of the family will give an insight into grave consequences associated with trauma. Kgalema (2002) indicates that, police officers often interfa ces with victims and perpetrators of crimes, which predispose them to critical incidents that trigger trauma, hence require awareness of trauma and effective skills of managing trauma (p.1). Thus, the study will increase awareness of trauma among police officers because it identifies traumatic experiences that predispose police officers to trauma and highlight subsequent effects such as depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Therefore, if police officers can identify critical incidents and become aware consequences of trauma, they will seek therapeutic intervention in time to avert physical, emotional, and mental consequences of trauma in their lives. Literature Review Introduction Police profession is one of the most stressful and dangerous career because police officers constantly encounter traumatic experiences that predispose them to depression, suicide, alcoholism and loss of family. Thus, literature review indicates that, police officers normally endure traumatic experiences, but they have a cumulative effect, which eventually results into trauma.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Statistics indicates that the prevalence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among police officers is significantly high as compared to its prevalence in the general population. According to Hasselt et al. (2008), the prevalence of PTSD among police officers range from 13% to 34% depending on state and region where police officers work (p.134). Variability in prevalence of PTSD is due to differences in traumatic experiences such as crimes, natural disasters, and accessibility to therapeutic interventions. Thus, literature review examines how traumatic experiences and PTSD predispose police officers to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family with the objective of identifying risk factors of trauma. Depression The traumatic experiences that police officers encounter and endure, during the course of their duties, make them susceptible to depression. Depression is a psychological disorder that occurs mainly due to the traumatic experiences of life. Since police officers frequently encounter traumatic experiences, they contribute to high incidences of depression among police officers signifying that trauma causes depression. According to Green (2004), prevalence study carried out in UK shows that about 13% of the law enforcement officers experience trauma (p.1). The prevalence rate of 13% is about six times more than prevalence rates of the general population. The study further confirms that, the prevalence rates of trauma are higher in officers who have more experience compared to those who have little experience in police due to the cumulative effect of traumatic experiences. Therefore, it means that trauma and stressors that are inherent in police profession contribute significantly to depression of police officers. Leeds (2009) contends that, traumatic experiences of police such as frequent shootings, fears of an unknown enemy, risk nature of the job, witnessing ordeal, and negative perceptions of public usually depress police officers (p. 4). All these stressors and traumatic experiences are potential causes of depression that make police officers susceptible to depressive trauma. Police profession is emotionally stressing and physically dangerous thus elicits depressive feelings that make police officers be prone to depression. Sanford (2003) argues that, stressors that police officers encounter and endure change personality of officers by causing anger, cynicism, and depression (p.17). Police training attempts to suppress police emotions to enhance their resilience and endurance to critical incidents, but traumatic experiences normally have long-term effect due to the cumulative effect of trauma. Hence, police officers can only endure traumatic experiences up to a point in life where they trigger overwhelming depressive feelings that cause depression. Although police officers may tolerate many traumatic incidences such as witnessing the death of fellow police officer or ordeal of criminals, after a certain period such memories resurface and elicit depressive moods. This illustrates that traumatic experiences associated with policing cumulatively increase susceptibility of police officers to depression. Suicide Traumatic experiences of police officers predispose them to suicide since many police officers commit suicide when they cannot longer manage their trauma. Police profession is not only dangerous but also strenuous emotionally and psychologically because police officers often encounter traumatic experiences such as violence, murder, disasters, and accidents, which cause emotional and psychological disturbances. Brown (2003) debates that, police suicide is a significant problem in police service because suicide claims twice the number of police officers who die in the line of duty (p.7). Deaths due to suicide may be more than the number in reports because many cases are unreported to avoid stigmatization of the bereaved and enable families to claim benefits. Thus, in the United States suicide is a significant cause of death among police officers. Police officers normally commit suicide due to complex of problems that aggravate trauma that they already have due to traumatic experiences of their career. Problems such as financial difficulties, alcoholism, relationship issues, accessibility to dangerous weapons and traumatic experiences compel police officers to commit suicide when they overwhelm their emotional and psychological control. However, since general population also experience some problems that are similar to the ones police officers are grappling with, suicide rates of police officers double that of the general population. Thus, it implies that traumatic experiences of police officers significantly contribute to high rates of suicide reported in police service. According to Brown (2003), when trauma overwhelms police officers, they feel that the only way to overcome challenges in life is by committing suicide (p.2). Hence, suicide is the last resort that polic e officers choose in the face of challenges related to their profession. Alcoholism Given that police officers are enduring traumatic experiences, they opt to abuse drugs such as alcohol to overcome challenges of life. Usually, when people experience problems in life, they resort to drug abuse or alcoholism as means of calming their stress and trauma that seem to overwhelm them. Boyce (2006) argues that, prevalence of alcoholism among police officers is twice that of the general population because trauma predisposes them to abuse drugs (p.2). Traumatic experiences are an integral part of police profession, and such experiences cause trauma, which compels police officers to drink alcohol as a way of relieving trauma and stress associated with policing. Comparatively, police profession is the most demanding and stressful career for police officers cannot endure without abusing drugs or seeking therapy. As many police officers cannot seek therapy to alleviate the impact of trauma that they have, they drink alcohol and abuse other drugs. Since alcohol is readily available and is legal, police officers who have trauma prefer to drink rather than to seek help from friends, family, or psychotherapists. According to Marmar et al. (2006), in the United States, about 10% of police officers are alcoholics while about 15% have experienced adverse effects of alcohol in their lives (p.8). Prevalence of alcoholism among police officers is high relatively to the general population because trauma that they have predispose them to alcoholism. Ellison (2004) argues that, although alcohol reduces frustrations and stress in a police officer, it also increases the potential of causing violence given that police officers can access deadly weapons (p.60). Thus, traumatic experiences contribute to stress and frustration of police officers and predispose them to alcoholism. Loss of family Police officers constantly encounter and endure traumatic experiences in the course of their profe ssion, which ultimately affect the stability of their families. When police officers experience overwhelming trauma, they become violent to not only fellow officers, but also to their own families. Sanford (2003) explains that, family members are usually victims of violence because police officers at times direct their anger to them due to trauma (p.11). During times of trauma, families are not at peace because traumatized police officers come home in a violent mood. Constant violence in the family results into divorce or separation because one of the spouses can no longer endure the ordeal in the marriage. Hence, many families of police officers hardly live in peace because traumatic experiences of policing affect relationships and cause breakage of marriages. Given that police profession does not offer police officers ample time to interact with their families, it contributes to high rates of divorce among police officers. Boyce (2006) contends that, police officers experience hig h rates of divorce compared to the general population because of extended hours of work, unpredictable shift rotations, and traumatic experiences (p.10). Traumatic experiences of a spouse make family live under constant fear of violence. Even though other stressors may strain marriage relationships of police officers, traumatic experiences of policing significantly contribute to high rates of separation and divorce among polices officers. Conclusion Thus, the literature review confirms that police officers encounter and endure traumatic experiences in the course of their career that predispose them to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. In this view, the study will conduct research to identify traumatic experiences or critical incidents that predispose police officers to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of a family, which are consequences of untreated trauma. Methodology Introduction Since the objective of the study is to explore traumatic experiences that police officers encounter in the course of their career with the view of identifying risk factors that predispose them to trauma, the study assessed police officers in a given district. To establish dominant factors that cause trauma and subsequently predispose them to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family, the study surveyed traumatic experiences that police officers encounter and identify risk factors that significantly contribute to development of trauma. Research Design The research design of the study involves two groups of participants, novice, and veteran police officers. Novice police officers have less than two years experience in police service, while veteran police officers have more than two years experience in police service. Objective of using two groups of participants is to find out the relationship between professional experience and the level of depression, alcoholism, suicide, and loss of family. According to Kohli and Bajpai (2006), the level of dep ression among police officers is proportional to their professional experiences. (p.8). Therefore, to establish the extent of trauma due professional experience, the study examined the degree of depression, alcoholism, suicide, and loss of family among police officers. Sampling The study randomly selected 100 participants from a population of police officers in a certain district. Since the study involves two groups of participants, novice and veteran police officers, each group had 50 participants. The novice police officers are the ones who have less than two years experience in police service, while veteran police officers have more than two years of experience. The novice police officers served as a control group in determining the nature and extent of depression, suicide, alcoholism, and family loss among veteran police officers. Given that the researchers targeted various police stations within the district, they employed random method of sampling by ensuring that participants emanated from each police station. Thus, the study sampled 100 participants of police officers because the number could significantly represent police officers and enhance external validity of data required. Research Questions To obtain reliable and relevant data for the study, the researchers administered the following questions to the participants. 1. How many years have you served in police service? 2. Are you happy serving as a police officer? Why? 3. Have ever suffered from depression since you joined the police service? If yes, when did you experience it? 4. If you can suffer from depression, can you seek any therapy? 5. Have you ever encountered traumatic experiences in the course of your profession? 6. What critical incidents do you consider as traumatic experiences? 7. During the course of your profession, have you ever contemplated to commit suicide? 8. In face of overwhelming trauma, can you consider committing suicide? 9. What do you think is the main reason police offi cers commit suicide? 10. Do you abuse any drugs? Why? 11. Do you drink alcohol? Why? 12. Why do you think police officers drink alcohol? 13. Are you married? 14. How many years have you been in marriage? 15. How many children do you have? 16. Are you happily married? Why? 17. In the course of policing, do you feel any strain in your marriage? How? 18. Have you ever divorced you spouse? Why? 19. Have you ever separated with your spouse? Why? 20. Why do you think police officers separate or divorce? Collection of Data and Results The study employed qualitative method of research in collecting relevant data from police officers regarding traumatic experiences. Specifically, the study administered open questionnaires to police officers who provided essential data for research. Use of open questionnaires is appropriate for the study because police officers have the freedom to answer questions according to their varied characters and experiences in policing. Since the study targeted polic e officers in a given district, researchers administered questionnaires, inform of surveys, to police officers at their respective police stations. In enhancing reliability of data, the researchers prepared appropriate questionnaire that is remarkably straightforward in that, police officers can finish completing it within a short period. To collect relevant data in terms of questionnaires, researcher ethically considered that participants need informed consent concerning the study and assurance that information obtained from them is confidential. Prior to the collection of data, researchers made sure that the participants were in a sober mood to enable them complete their questionnaires sufficiently. Data Analysis The findings indicate that trauma that police officers gain in the course of their profession predisposes them to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Concerning depression, the findings indicate that, most police officers, both novice and veteran, have su ffered from depression in the course of their profession. However, significant number of police officers cannot seek therapy because they are not aware of grave consequences of trauma. Since police profession is full of traumatic experiences, police officers considered shootings, brutal death of their colleagues, disasters, and violent crimes as some of critical incidents that predispose them to trauma. According to Stewart (2011), shooting is a critical incident in police service because police officers rarely experience it; thus, its occurrence predisposes police officers to trauma (p.7). Thus, to prevent critical incidents from causing trauma, police officers need to seek immediate therapy when they experience them in the course of their profession. Additionally, the findings confirmed that critical incidents cause PTSD among police officers that eventually predispose them to suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. Analysis of data in questionnaires shows that about 10% of polic e officers have contemplated committing suicide due to trauma that they experience in their duties. The findings also indicate that, about 15% of police officers use alcohol to relieve stress and trauma, which they experience for they do not seek any form of therapy. Regarding marriage, the findings show that, a significant number of police officers have experienced separation or divorce because trauma makes them develop violent personality, which instill fears on their spouses. Mayhew (2001) argues that, burnout aggravates trauma among police officers since they have insufficient time to manage trauma, they lack support from fellow officers, and the police culture requires them to suppress emotional expression, which ultimately result into marriage breakdown (p.3). Therefore, presence of traumatic experiences and insufficient support coupled with inadequate awareness of consequences of trauma are responsible for development PTSD and related consequences among police officers. Concl usion The study has found out that traumatic experiences that police officers come across during the course of their profession have a cumulative effect. Since traumatic experiences have a cumulative effect, it is imperative for police officers to identify critical indents that predispose them to PTSD and subsequently make them susceptible to depression, suicide, alcoholism, and loss of family. In this perceptive, the study identifies shooting, violent crimes, brutal death of fellow officers and disasters as some of the critical incidents that police officers experience. Thus, police officers need to seek therapy when they experience critical incidents to prevent the occurrence of PTSD and its consequences. References Boyce, J. (2006). Police Officers under Stress. Criminal Justice Institute, 1-19. Brown, P. (2003). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Law Enforcement. Criminal Justice  Institute, 1-19. Clair, M. (2006). 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